Sponges

The filter chambers are lined with collar cells. Each individual collar cell has a single whip-like flagellum, which beats in a rhythmic manner. The coordinated beating of the combined flagella force water through the sponge. As food particles pass the collar, the small particles become trapped, where they are engulfed by the cell body and digested within the food vacuoles.

Sponges vary greatly in shape and colour depending upon their habitat, water currents and depth. The only way researchers can identify relationships is by looking at small microscopic hook-like spicules which form part of the sponge body wall skeleton.

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References:

Bennett, I. (1987) W.J. Dakin's classic study: Australian Seashores. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.

Davey, K. (1998) A Photographic Guide to Seashore Life of Australia. New Holland, Sydney.

Edgar, G.J. (1997) Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Reed Books, Kew.

Quinn, G.P., Wescott, G.C. & Synnot, R.N. (1992) Life on the Rocky Shores of South-Eastern Australia: an illustrated field guide. Victorian National Parks Association, Melbourne.

Marine Research Group of Victoria (1984) Coastal Invertebrates of Victoria: an atlas of selected species. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne.

Niesen, T.M. (1982) The Marine Biology Coloring Book. Barnes & Noble, New York.

Sponges

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