Conference Papers
Educating For Our Mangroves
Norm Walker
Manager, Tooradin Marine Life Centre
Tooradin 3980
Christopher Harty
Manager Environment and Planning
Corangamite Shire Council
P 0 Box 84
Camperdown 3260
Introduction
As most of you would realise, mangroves are the salt tolerant forest
ecosystems of our intertidal shores. All too often however, mangroves
have been regarded as wastelands of little or no value until they are
developed.
However, mangroves can provide sustainable and reasonable benefits to
coastal communities, which would be lost if such environments were otherwise
converted to a non-renewable landuse.
In planning and managing any mangrove resource, the primary goal must
be sustainable use. Failure to view mangroves in this way will lead to
inefficient use and waste of their values to coastal populations and will
have severe and direct social, economic and ecological impacts. Education
in the marine and coastal environment is one tool that can change public
misconceptions about the value of mangroves.
Tooradin - The Fragile Classroom
The Tooradin Marine Life Centre delivers educational programs to school
children from prep grade to V.C.E. Biology. They focus on our local marine
environment and in particular on the White Mangrove (Avicennia marina)
community.
Last year 15,000 students visited the Centre mainly on a day excursion
basis. Of course, if all of these budding researchers were taken out on
to the mud flats every year the environment that we teach about would
be severely degraded. The areas concerned are very fragile and do not
respond positively to a lot of pedestrian traffic.
The Tooradin Marine Life Centre made a commitment when it started running
marine education programs that it should have a minimal impact on the
environment being studied. With this in mind the only students who walk
on mangrove and saltmarsh communities in Tooradin are Year 11 Biology
students, who utilise set areas for saltmarsh species identification and
linear transects.
When these activities are being carried out the designated areas are
conspicuously marked and the education officers instruct how to move about
in these areas with the smallest amount of impact. It is surprising how
many secondary school teachers don't think that their students have had
a good experience unless they are covered at least up to their knees in
smelly mud. These practices are of course discouraged.
The sites are rotated on a regular basis and we have found that good
regrowth occurs if areas that are used one year are rested the following
year.
Year 11 Biology students only make up about 10% of the total visitations
to the Centre and as it was required to give the other 90% an intimate
encounter with a mangrove ecosystem. It was found that by conducting a
lesson from aboard a specially designed "flat bottomed" boat this could
be achieved.
Groups are divided into half class sizes and the Marine Life Centre's
boat navigates slowly up Sawtells Inlet. From the channel the passengers
can closely study the mangroves and the associated fauna as the coxswain
describes the environment and answers questions. Older students are required
to complete work sheets during the voyage which has a duration of about
half an hour.
The flood gates, located on the South Gippsland Highway in Tooradin,
are designed to hold out the incoming tide, protecting low lying areas
on the northern side of the highway from inundation. The structure also
has the effect of not allowing this area of the inlet to dry completely
at low tide as occurs on the southern side of the structure. This is of
great benefit as it allows the boat to operate at all states of the tide.
The boat is propelled by a 9.9 horse power outboard motor. The Yamaha
motor used is a four stroke design which alleviates the problem of oil
being introduced into the environment. It has the added benefit of being
extremely quiet and very efficient. The boat trip is always exciting for
the different age groups who participate and it really provides an excellent
method of getting a close up look at this fragile environment, without
having any significant impact.
Because the Tooradin area is utilised as an educational resource it is
necessary to have regular clean up days to help overcome the constant
problem of rubbish pollution. The method used involves the use of small
plastic dinghies which are nosed up under the mangroves and the litter
is then raked carefully to the front of the boat and placed in bags.
On each occasion the plastic bags being removed from
the environment are separated and on most occasions it is discovered that
60-70% of these are bait bags which are easily identified.
As a result an education campaign has been developed which is directed
at the fishermen using the inlet in conjunction with the Tooradin Coast
Action Group. Funding has recently been approved to erect signs displaying
a photo of Mr Rex Hunt who asks that litter be taken home. An education
leaflet is also being developed which will be given away with bait purchases,
and will contain fishing tips as well as highlighting the significance
of this environment and describing the best practices to protect
it.
The local council plans to spend $250,000 in this area in the next twelve
months, in an effort to attract tourists. This will place more pressure
on the inlet and some concerns have been raised with respect to people
pressure on the Tooradin mangrove environment in the hope they can be
addressed at the planning stages of any development plans.
The Tooradin Marine Life Centre is confident that it will be able to
deliver quality educational packages well into the future and with sound
management practices will be able to prevent any degradation of this fragile
environment.
Planning and Management Principles for Mangroves
Mangroves are too valuable to allow them to be lost to other forms of
land use except when overriding national priorities are involved and no
other alternative is economically and environmentally feasible. No easy
short term solution may be available but educational programs that involve
or inform people of the diversity of sustainable uses of the Mangrove
resource may be helpful.
Both sustainable use and preservation can be incorporated into an effective
planning policy if it has the following objectives :
- To prevent further destruction of mangroves by halting unjustifiable
conversion activities.
- To manage mangroves as a renewable resource on a sustainable use basis
for direct and indirect products as well as the environmental values
they provide.
- To view mangroves as an integral part of the coastal zone rather than
as an ecosystem surviving in isolation.
The implementation of any planning policy for Mangroves should aim to
fulfill the following management needs:
- Avoidance as far as possible of conflicting foreshore uses.
- Protection from the damaging effect of land, water, foreshore and
marine uses.
- Research to better understand the Mangrove ecosystem and evaluate
and quantify adverse ecological influences.
- Public awareness of their values.
- Reservation of appropriate areas.
- Careful management of those areas to which appropriate protection
has been accorded.
- An overall co-ordinating body to implement the foregoing as far a
practical through existing legislation and administrative policies.
A Planning Response for Mangroves
A majority of mangrove communities are located within public land/foreshore
reserves. Planners should continue to ensure that future developments
on coastal shores, including port installations, priers, small boat harbours,
marinas, and canal estates should preferably be located away from sectors
of the coast that are still mangrove-fringed, or that could have their
former Mangrove fringe restored. Alternatively, there may be a case for
intensively developing one area as a marina and boat launching complex
as a headquarters for waterborne recreation and imposing a strict conservation
program on the rest of the coastline.
Possible repercussions of any substantial reduction or modification of
mangroves may be:
- a decline in the yield of commercial sport fishing;
- lower levels of diversity and abundance of many species of shore birds;
- reduction in overall diversity and ecological stability of an estuary;
- alteration of the sedimentary regime; and
- increased development of algae and other primary producers which contributes
to the development of eutrophic conditions.
In recent times, both the New South Wales and Victoria Governments have
released their approved Coastal Policy and Coastal Strategy respectively.
Both of these documents contain provisions that specifically recognise
the importance of protecting valuable coastal wetlands including seagrasses,
mangroves and saltmarshes. The approach to implementing such policy actions
are different with NSW opting for the use of existing planning legislation
while Victoria will be seeking to introduce protection through the new
Victorian Planning Provisions and Municipal Strategic Statements.
Coastal and Marine Education
The theme of this conference "Marine Conservation through Education"
is very relevant particularly for mangrove wetlands because of a very
poor public appreciation of their values and ecological importance for
healthy, productive estuaries.
Improvements towards coastal and marine education can be achieved through
the planning and management regimes that operate in both NSW and Victoria.
In NSW, under the Estuary Management Program, and in Victoria, under
the Coastal Action Plan program, opportunities exist to form community
based committees to undertake and direct the preparation of Estuary Management
Plans and Coastal Action Plans. Through the process of preparing such
plans, information on estuary processes and mangrove functioning can be
determined and disseminated through the Committee to local communities.
At this local level the degree of understanding increases as the amount
of information on ecosystem processes is uncovered and discussed.
As a result, a transformation occurs whereby a very parochial, single
issue driven group of people first start out planning and managing their
coastal or marine environment convert to a group of people, coherent and
informed and empowered to disseminate information to people around them.
The process consists of information leading to knowledge leading to understanding
leading to appreciation leading to protection and ownership.
Through this process conservation of our Coastal and Marine environments
including mangrove wetlands and other coastal wetland systems can be increased.
The opportunity exists in both NSW and Victoria to be grasped and used
with successes already being chalked up in NSW while in Victoria, under
the new Coastal Strategy, the opportunity is available to the community
in an open and integrated way for the first time. Although, as can be
seen with the Tooradin Marine Life Centre, some of these opportunities
are being 'chalked' up already.
Conclusion
Scientific study of Mangrove habitats and ecosystems is still needed
to assist in the preparation of management plans and coastal planning
policy to take into account the Mangrove environment is landuse decision
making.
Any such decisions must be made by government bodies with due consideration
and adequate assessment given by weighting the immediate need to utilise
the particular Mangrove environment against the risks of long term damage
to the environment which is likely to follow the removal of this highly
productive natural ecosystem.
References
Harty C, (1997) Mangroves in New South
Wales and Victoria, Vista Publications, Melbourne.
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